What Went Wrong in the First Residential/Energy Services Consolidation
The residential service market is a tough nut to crack. The late 90’s to early 00’s saw various attempts at a roll up strategy in what appeared to be a very lucrative market. Companies like: Service Master, EMCOR and Blue Dot were able to raise lots of capital to purchase as many energy/residential service companies as they could. The acquisitions included plumbing, pest control, HVAC (commercial/residential), home appliance repairs, etc…From an MBA-level perspective, the industry seemed very attractive for consolidation. The graph below shows how fragmented the industry currently is, and this is post consolidation:
What the corporate guys did not take into consideration was that they acquired a transient blue-collar work force, not a team of like-minded corporate professionals. These environments have vast differences in culture, something an Excel model cannot take into consideration. While these roll-ups failed, they taught the energy/residential service companies how to, and not go about consolidation.
Today’s Energy Services Consolidation Market
The industry matured a lot since then; EBITDA multiples paid were cut in half, and corporations and Private Equity firms began performing actual due diligence on their acquisition targets (shock!). There are a couple different groups of acquirers at the moment:
Long-term Corporate Growth with a High Emphasis on Market Disruption
With an enormous balance sheet to draw upon and tremendous group oversight from their seasoned management team (most came from the first consolidation period), these guys definitely know what they are doing. Think of them as wolf in sheep’s clothing. They enter markets disguised as residential service companies. Once they establish their local brand name, they begin to offer electricity at competitive rates to the local utility. Isn’t deregulation wonderful?
Oil Survivors
Their job is very simple, take oil from point A, deliver to point B, and repeat the process as many times as possible through long-term customer contracts into the future. This is a game of numbers, and when you have been in the business for many years, the acquisition model is very simple. Residential oil companies will value a target distributor based on a combination of:
- Number of distribution contracts
- Average contract duration
- Average contract renewal rate
- Average contract volume (gallons/year)
- Equipment service contracts (HVAC)
A target company can have poorly managed accounting books, or be skimming from all parts of the business, but the above mentioned facts cannot be altered, and thus make these types of acquisitions very easy. It is not strange for a residential oil company to have 10-20 acquisition candidates in the pipe at any given time.
Local Utilities
These are usually referred to as the “evil empire” by local, smaller competitors in the energy services space. It is extremely hard for even a large, local outfit to compete effectively with a utility company that owns larger customer lists than anyone else. Pushing energy services into the home is very easy for a utility. They continually add service contract options to their menu and give their customers the option to include it on their monthly utility bill. Offering financing options to every customer allows utilities to earn revenue on what a local competitor would call a “dead asset”. 100% market penetration never sounded so good.
Alternative Energy is the Next Logical Step in Energy Services Consolidation
Today a homeowner can now add alternative energy options to their home which allows for decreased monthly utility bills and many state and federal tax credits. The biggest hurdle to getting this technology in your home is service availability. Alternative Energy installers currently resemble the industry layout shown above for the residential HVAC companies.
There are many small installers out there with zero track-record. Searching the internet for “solar panel installations” for example will tell you about long waits, no-shows, and repeat visits to do the job right. This kind of feedback begs for a “gold standard”. After all what good is technology if we cannot acquire it easily?
Companies that do provide these kinds of services (wind, solar, hydro, etc…) will become prime acquisition candidates for consolidators mentioned above for a couple of reasons:
- Customers lists: a small-town or even regional operator cannot compete with a local utility for a service/product marketing campaign. Customers want the lowest prices available, and large companies achieve this with bulk orders. You have to be REALLY good to even attempt this. Utilities and other large established energy/residential service players have all the requisite permits/licenses necessary to install this equipment.
- Financing: big balance sheets definitely help. With solar hardware alone costing between $15K-$30k, the biggest decision in going green is financing. How do I pay for this? Are the terms good? Being able to draw upon credit facilities or cash-rich balance sheets to self-finance is a clear competitive advantage. If a client cannot pay the solar power financing portion of the bill a utility can always use the power generated as collateral.
- Man power: Plugged into the local union and vocational schools, utilities can draw top talent to scale an alternative energy installation arm, and use their current labor force in a full capacity.
- Warranty service: With minimum power production warranties of 25 years available on panels, industry consolidators have long-term potential cash flows. When something goes wrong with the system who do the customers call? Companies that already service a home want to be there as often as possible and will fight to become a homeowner’s new best friend.
- Service contracts: bi-annual visits to service the panels would be an easy sell. Another $1-$5 on the monthly bill for a customer’s home service or utility company to service their new alternative energy equipment seems like a bargain.
Unless these solar installation companies have a background in home installation/service work, there are hundreds of companies that have been doing this longer and can most likely provide better, more profitable service.
Consolidation Candidates
The industry is young, but there are many start-ups and subsequently VCs that believe in the idea of service oriented alternative energy companies providing green conscious consumers with infinite power:
- REC Solar: is an established solar installer since 1997, they have a presence on both coasts
- Solar City: is a new up and coming installer based in Foster City, CA. They provide an obvious but un-attempted strategy: interested clients sign up for solar installations, and when demand is high enough in a given geographic location, Solar City purchases all the hardware and arranges for installation providing comparatively low prices to customers. They raised an incredible amount of VC funding in a short time. They have not reinvented solar power, but they have tapped into a great marketing strategy to enable low-cost distribution and installation. Overall their idea is very promising; the only weakness I foresee is their ability to manage a “green-collar” workforce.
An interesting fact about this company is that they share the same chairman, Elon Musk, as Tesla Motors. One of their projects is to install solar powered refueling stations for electric vehicles in cities. - Sun Run: is another start-up that changes the premise of owning alternative energy technology. They own and install the panels on customers’ homes, and then charge customers a fixed rate for electricity through a long-term lease contract. The idea here being they can sell the excess production to the grid as well as receive the tax credits and incentives. Click here for their WSJ mention.
This is a company that could easily snowball into a giant behemoth. As the energy efficiency of panels increases with a growing customer base, they could essentially become a mini “utility.
Asides from the established consolidators mentioned previously, there are very large solar focused corporations that can continue to build on their solar expertise through consolidation:
- Sun Power Corporation: this is a one-stop shop for solar energy needs on both a residential, commercial and infrastructure level. They are most known for their large commercial installations. Their acquisition of PowerLight last year for $333M provides a glimpse at the future the solar industry has.
Cash flows will continue to increase and investors will demand intelligent deployment of funds. Let’s see how the sun sets on this one.

the lumber industry creates a great deal of wood waste. The stumps, roots and random branches left over from logging are collected and sold to make downstream products such as mulch and construction material. Wood waste also has a lot of cellulose that can be transformed into cellulosic ethanol as well as methanol. Lumber companies already have buyers in place to purchase their waste.
The same strategy applies to the outputs. Flexible alternative energy companies that are not tied to one input/feedstock or output will be the most successful. Currently there is a lot of hype around the “super” plants that will provide ethanol, etc…Whether or not these plants are great will be determined in the future, but it is not a good strategy to limit yourself to one input. Although that might seem like common sense from a business standpoint, we continue to see more companies that silo themselves within a very specific part of the industry. As commodity markets begin to evolve around these new inputs, be it plants (switchgrass), gas (CO2), garbage (food waste), companies that have the ability to hedge any pricing risk via a flexible production process will ultimately beat those who are one-track minded.